Empiricism Semantics and Ontology Carn Essay Example for Free

Empiricism Semantics and Ontology Carn EssayI. The Problem of Abstract Entities Empiricists attempt to limit themselves to nominalistic language, a language non containing references to hook entities such as properties, classes, relations, numbers, propositions, etc. They treat mathematics as a mere calculus wherein no rendering is given or pile be given. However, con entities be impossible to avoid for some scientific contexts. The theory of meaning and truth is the hassle of abstract entities in relation to semantics1. Semanticists claim that authoritative expressions designate certain entities, including abstract entities2. This violates the basic principles of empiricism and leads back to a metaphysical ontology3 of the platonic kind. Carnap rejects the idea that the lend oneself of such language embraces Platonic ontology, but is quite compatible with empiricism and scientific thinking. II. Linguistic Frameworks4 Carnap believes that for someone to speak of a fresh kind of entities in his language, he essential construct a linguistic fashion model, a system of new ways of speaking and is subject to new rules.To understand these entities, we must recognize the two fundamentalquestions concerning the macrocosm of these entities (1) Internal questions or the questions of existence of the new entities within the framework and (2) External questions or the questions of existence of the system of entities as a while. Internal questions can be dressed by new forms of expressions either by logical or trial-and-error methods. External questions, on the other hand, are in need of a closer examination.The world of social occasions is the simplest kind of entities we deal with everyday language and upon our acceptance of the subjectlanguage with its framework for topics, we can raise familiar questions standardized Is there a white piece of paper on my desk? , Are unicorns real or imaginary? and these can be answered by empirical investigatio n. The results of this investigation can be confirmed or disconfirmed based on explicit rules for the evaluation, which is the main concern of epistemology.The rules of the framework claim that in order for something to be considered real, it must fit into a system at a particular space-time position along with other thingsconsidered as real. The external question of the reality of the thing world is non asked by scientists but by philosophers and is given affirmative answers by realists, and negative answers from subjective idealists. This question is never resolved because it is falsely framed. To be real in the scientific context means to be an element of the system, hence, this concept can non be meaningfully applied to the system.Those who question the reality of the thing world are not expecting of a theoretical question, rather, a practical question whichwould affect the structure of our language hence, we must decide whether or not to adapt the forms of expression in the f ramework. We have accepted the thing language since our earlier years and flat we are given the choice whether or not to continue using the thing language or to restrict ourselves to sense-date, to construct an alternative language with new structure and rules, or to refrain from speaking at all.However, Carnap believes that none of the above-mentioned choices is practical. So, he explained that theacceptance of the thing language does not imply the acceptance of the existence of the thing world, but the acceptance of a certain form of language, accepting rules in order to form, test, or reject statements, and the idea of the reality of the thing world cannot be among these statements because it cannot be formulated in the thing language or in any other theoretical language. Questions regarding the efficiency, fruitfulness and simplicity of the use of the thing language are not yes-no questions but rather questions of degree.But it is wrong to say that The fact of the efficiency of the thing language is confirming evidence for the reality of the thing world, rather, This fact makes it advisable to accept the thing language. Carnap used the example of the system of numbers as an example of a system which is of a logical rather than a factual nature, based on the rules of the new expressions 1 SEMAN? CS IS THE STUDY OF MEANINGS AND THE RELA? ON OF SIGNS AND SYMBOLS AND WHAT THEY SIGNIFY OR DENOTE. 2 E. G. PROPER? ES AS DESIGNATED BY PREDICATES AND PROPOSI? ONS AS DESIGNATED BY SENTENCES.3 ONTOLOGY IS THE PHILOSOPHICAL THEORY OF REALITY AND IS THE DOCTRINE OF UNIVERSAL AND NECESSARY CHARACTERIS? CS OF ALL EXISTENCE. 4 A LINGUIS? C FRAMEWORK IS A SET OF LINGUIS? C CONVEN? ONS WHICH DETERMINE THE WAY IN WHICH WE SELE EXISTENCE PROBLEMS OF A CERTAIN sort. (1) numerals like tail fin and sentence forms like there are five books on the table (2) the general term number for the new entities, and sentence forms like five is a number (3) expressions of properties of num bers (odd, prime), relations (greater than), and functions (plus), and sentence forms liketwo plus three is five. (4) numerical variables (m,n,etc) and quantifiers for universal sentences (for every n,. ) and existential sentences (there is an n such that) with the customary deductive rules Empirical investigation is impossible to answer the innate question, Is there a prime number greater than a hundred? , rather it can be answered through logical analysis. He likewise introduced the system of propositions wherein any declarative sentence can be substituted by a variable. Every sentence that comes in the form is a proposition is considered analytic.This framework included three constructs (1) For every p, either p or not p (2) There is p such that p is not necessary and not p is not necessary. (3) There is p such that p is a proposition. (1) and (2) are both internal assertions of existence while (3) is an implication that there are propositions. Lastly, in the spatio-temporal coordinate system for physics, the new entities are the space-time points. Each point is an ordered quadruple of four real numbers (3 spatial and 1 temporal coordinate). It is not forced on us but is suggested by common observation.The physical state of these space-time points is described through qualitative predicates or through ascribing numbers such as mass, temperature, etc. Moving on to this physical coordinate system requires a decision on how to use language. Carnap argues that the entrance of such forms into our language is a matter of degree, and that the formulation in the form real or not will be inadequate. Many philosophers argue that the averment of the reality of the entity of the language shall come prior to the introduction of new language forms, and Carnap strongly disagrees.He claims that a new way of speaking needs not be justified because in the first place, it does not imply any assertion of reality, but only acceptance of a new framework. III. What Does Acc eptance of a Kind of Entities Mean? The acceptance of a new kind of entities is represented in the language by the introduction of a framework of new forms of expressions to be used according to a new set of rules.The two essential steps into the introduction of the framework are (1) the introduction of a general term, a predicate of higher level, for the new kind of entities, permitting us to say of any particular entity that itbelongs to this kind5 and (2) the introduction of variables of the new type. After the formulation of the new forms of language, they can now create internal questions that may either be empirical or logical, and be addressed by current answers that are either factually true or analytic.Carnap debunks the idea that the acceptance of a new framework is an assertion of the reality of the entities. He argues that the question whether or not to accept the new entities and the new linguistic form is a practical question and not a theoretical question.It cannot b e judged as true or false because it is not an assertion, rather, it can be judged as being more or less expedient, fruitful and conducive. IV. Abstract Entities in Semantics In semantical meaning analysis, certain expressions are often utter to designate (or name or denote or signify) certain extra- linguistic entities. Ex. The word red designates a property of things. The word five designates a number. Empiricists tolerate that these are meaningful expressions but reject the belief as they see these as implicitly presupposed by those semantical statements. 5 E. G.RED IS A PROPERTY, flipper IS A NUMBER This belief is criticized as hypostatization, or treating as names expressions which are not names. Carnap used the example of Fido, his give chase, as a name that designates his dog Fido, while red and five are not names and are not supposed to designate anything. To deal with this criticism, Carnap clarifies abstract entities as designata (a) Five designates a number. This p resupposes that our language L contains the forms of expressions which we have called the framework of numbers, in particular, numerical variables and the general term number.If L contains these forms, the following is an analytic statement in L. (b) Five is a number. To make the statement (a) possible, L must contain an expression like designates or is a name of for the semantical relation of designation. If suitable rules for this term are placed down, the following is likewise analytic (c) Five designates five. Since (a) follows from (c) and (b), (a) is likewise analytic. You must accept these as true statements if you accept the framework of numbers.Carnap acknowledges the need for theoretical justification for internal assertions but argues that it is wrong to demand forsu ch when it comes to acceptance of system of entities. He cites Ernest Nagel who asked for evidence relevant for affirming with warrant that there are such entities as infinitesimals or propositions. He re quired the evidence to be logical and dialectical.And so Carnap provides an example of this problem of proof Here are three books. The framework of the sentence allows us to overhaul but the question on the ontological reality of the system of numbers continues. One philosopher believes that numbers are real entities so there is no problem in using thenumerical framework for semantical statements. A nominalistic opponent, on the other hand, says there are no numbers. For Carnap, numbers may still be used as meaningful expressions but they are not names and there are no entities designated by them.The term numbers and numerical variables must only be used as abbreviating devices i. e. to translate them into the nominalistic thing language. He believes that there is no possible evidence relevant for both philosophers. V. shutting Carnaps stand on using semantical methods depended not on the ontological question of existence of abstract entities but onthe qu estion whether or not th e rise of abstract linguistic forms is expedient and fruitful for semantical analyses6.This is no yes-or-no question. It dealt with a matter of degree, by their efficiency as instruments, by the . . ratio of the results achieved to the amount and complexity of the efforts required. He challenges the nominalists to advise better arguments than merely appealing to ontological insight probably a semantical method without any references at all to abstract entities and by simpler means, achieves the same results as other methods.Carnappointed out that dogmatic prohibitions are both futile and harmful that looking back to history, traces of slow development rooted to religious, metaphysical, mythological, and other irrational sources. And so by granting freedom to use any form of expression useful to them, those useless forms will sooner or later be eliminated. Carnap ended with a reminder, Let us be cautious in making assertions and critical in examining them, but tolerant in permittin g linguistic forms. 6 SEMAN? CAL ANALYSES THAT INCLUDE THE ANALYSIS, INTERPRETA? ON, CLARI+CA? ON OR CONSTRUC? ON OF LANGUAGES OF COMMUNICA? ON, ESPECIALLY languages of science.

Adapting the Law to the Online Environment Essay Example for Free

Adapting the Law to the Online Environment EssayFormulating unique conception of the Web in Weaving the Web Berners-Lee accent that the intention was to create a system with one fundamental property it had to be completely decentralized. In the vision of Berners-Lee That would be the only way a new person practical(prenominal)lywhere could start to practice session it the Web without asking for access from allone else1. In the initial years of the Webs functioning, Berner-Lees ideal of a highly decentralized universal system has been sh ard by tens of millions of people around theworld who gather in appreciated and marveled at an invention that makes it unexpectedly casual for anyone with a calculator to connect with anyone else with a computer, anywhere in the world, and to store and send information almost at will. But the mesh and the Web have in any case moved to the center of attention for political relations, business leaders, honoryers and judges, police force s and military establishments, and anyone else dependent on the rule of law and authority structures in modern society.This is a result of the ability and tendency of Internet users to simply skirt or leap over many of the rules and institutions designed to master(prenominal)tain order in the pre- Internet world. Previously designed rules and legal structures enacted for slower-paced, relatively public tangible transactions in a world rimmed everywhere with borders (local, provincial, national) suddenly were challenged as neer before when the Internet made it physically conceivable to carry out transactions of almost any kind in a manner simultaneously immediate, anonymous, inexpensive, and seemingly borderless.However, the process of certain democratization, overcriminalization and simply lazier-affair went beyond predictable limits internet identity larceny, credit card fraud, controversies with gambling and online porn reveal significant wishing to adapt the law to online en vironment, to analyze the specifics of cyber crimes and to create effective regulatory norms.Traditional Crime and Cyber Crime Defining BoundariesFrom the primary perspective, the Internet imitates and, in most cases, runs correspond to what is often happening in normal life, therefore, it is no wonder that the law had to take account of this new parallel of historical life. Hence the frequent appeals for cyberlaw or cyberspace law. Simultaneously, the imitation of life by the Internet does non completely transcend existing forms of activities in their entirety. Thus while electronic forms of information are the hallmark of the Internet and tend to undermine tangible media, or even render them obsolete, prior forms of information may coexist alongside them, albeit uneasily and paroxysm permanent corrosion. In so far as it is non possible to divine the extent to which the Net will generate parallel or free-living forms of activity, the development of the appropriate law cannot be predictable.One has to determine in each specific sphere of activity how far the parallels go and how big or small the change over the normal may have been before working out the legal response. Consequently, the lack of time or resources cannot be the main reasons for the non-development of Internet law, as Edwards and Waelde suggest2, although they recognize, somewhat indirectly that the Internet is still developing and so must the Internet law. Edwards and Waelde view Internet Law as universe a result of (the usual) adaptation process that the law undergoes to catch up with new technological phenomena.They regard Internet Law as a necessity, opposite to the core pragmatic perception of those they refer to as looking upon the Internet as law-free.3 And although the regulation of Internet content, transactions and activities seems to be logical and self-evident, the problems start visual aspect from the very definition of cyber crime.Blacks Law Dictionary lines a crime as a social harm that the law makes punishable the desecrate of a legal duty treated as the subject-matter of a criminal proceeding.4 Anglo-American criminal law has for centuries possessed a set of definitions of crimes that encompass the varied categories of social harms homo can inflict on one another, for instance homicide, rape, robbery, arson, vandalism, fraud, nestling abuse, etc. According to Susan Brenner, criminal law does not typically differentiate offenses based upon the instrumentalities that are apply in their commission we generally do not, for example, divide homicide into murder by gun, murder by poison, murder by strangulation and so on.5As Brenner points out, criminal law does treat the use of certain instrumentalities as aggravating factors, the use of which can result in an enhanced sentence upon conviction this is how criminal law generally deals with use a firearm or other dangerous instrumentality in the focal point of a crime.6 This approach could, perhap s, have been taken with regard to cyber crime we could simply define hacking as a type of trespass, analogous to real-world trespass. The crime of real-world trespass is gaining access to a physical space a building or a share of land without authorization. We could have pursued hacking in an analogous fashion, perhaps prosecuting it as trespass and then characterizing the use of computer technology as an aggravating factor.7However, that is not the approach the law has taken and is taking to the use of computer technology to inflict social harms. What is emerging is a division between traditional crimes (trespass, burglary, theft, stalking, etc.) and cyber crimes. The latter encompass the use of computer technology to commove either (a) social harms that have already been identified and outlawed generically (trespass, burglary, theft, stalking, etc.) or (b) new types of social harm that do not fall into traditional crime categories.It is necessary to adopt cyber crime-specific laws for the first category of apportion because, as Brennans hacking-trespass example illustrates, computer technology can be used to commit social harms in ways that do not fit comfortably into our existing offense categories. Another Brennans example of a denial of service attack8 simply eludes conventional criminal law it is not theft it is not extortion it is not blackmail it is not vandalism or intrude or any other crime that has so far been defined. We must, therefore, define new cyber crimes to encompass denial of service attacks and other new varieties of criminal activity.In conceptualizing the varieties of cyber crime, it is helpful to divide them into three categories offered by Marc Goodman crimes in which the computer is the target of the criminal activity, crimes in which the computer is a tool used to commit the crime, and crimes in which the use of the computer is an incidental aspect of the commission of the crime.9 When a computer is the target of criminal activ ity, the perpetrator attacks an innocent users computer or computer system either by gaining illicit access to it or by bombarding it from outside.Cybercrimes that fall into this category include simple hacking (gaining access to a computer system or part of a computer system without authorization) and aggravated hacking (gaining access to a computer system or part of a computer system without authorization for the purpose of committing a crime such as imitationing or altering information in the system). The target cybercrimes excessively include denial of service attacks and the spread of viruses, worms and other types of malware. The cyber crimes in this category tend to be new crimes and therefore generally require new legislation.A computer or computer system can also be the instrument that is used to commit what is essentially a traditional crime. Cybercrimes in which a computer is the tool used to carry out criminal activity include online fraud, theft, embezzlement, stalk ing and harassment, forgery, obstruction of justice and the creation or dissemination of child dirty word. These are conventional crimes, but it may be difficult to prosecute online versions of these crimes using existing substantive law a jurisdictions theft statute may not, for example, encompass a theft of intangible property when the theft consists of imitationing the property, instead of appropriating it entirely. In declare v. Schwartz, Oregon State of Appeal held that by copying the passwords, defendant stripped them of their value.10 Jurisdictions may therefore find it necessary to amend their existing substantive criminal law to curb that it can be used against these cyber crime variants of traditional crimes.The last category consists of cyber crimes in which the use of a computer or computer system is incidental to the commission of the crime. This category includes, for example, instances in which a murderer uses a computer to plan a murder or lure the victim to the murder scene it can also include a blackmailers using a computer to write extortion letters to his victim or a drug dealers using a computer to monitor his cut-rate sales, inventory and profits. Here, the computer is merely a source of evidence and new substantive criminal legislation is generally not needed. The cases in this category can, however, require new law to resolve procedural issues such as the processes used in gathering evidence of cyber crimes.The basic national cyber crime provision is 18 U.S. Code 1030 among other things, it criminalizes hacking, cracking, computer fraud and the dissemination of viruses, worms and other types of malware. The statute accomplishes this by directing its prohibitions at conduct that targets a defend computer and then defining protected computer as a computer encompassed by federal jurisdiction.11 Section 1030 defined a protected computer as either (a) a computer used exclusively by a financial institution or the federal government or used nonexclusively by a financial institution or the federal government if the conduct constituting the crime affects its use by the financial institution or federal government or (b) a computer used in interstate or foreign commerce or communication.12 The notion of basing the statutes prohibitions on conduct directed at a protected computer was introduced when 1030 was amended in 1996 until then, it criminalized conduct that was directed at federal delight computers, i.e., computers used by the federal government or located in more than one state.13The 1996 amendment broadened 1030s reach it now encompasses conduct directed at any computer connected to the Internet. In 2001, the Patriot behave amended 1030 to make it clear that the statute can be used to prosecute criminal conduct which occurred outside the United States, a position the Department of Justice had long taken, for instance in case United States v. Ivanov. The Patriot Act expanded the definition of a protected c omputer to include computers used in interstate or foreign commerce that are located outside the United States if they are used in a manner that affects interstate or foreign commerce or communication of the United States.14Problematic Aspects secure, Child Pornography, Identity wile in InternetIn order to address the problems in regulation of online environment more effectively, this paper aims to focus on several most ruffianly aspects of the issue copyright violations, child pornography and identity theft or credit card fraud. Defined by Culberg, copyright is a legal fraud giving the author (or holder of the copyright) the exclusive right to control the reproduction of his or her intellectual creation for a specific period of time.15 Copyright law in the United States derives from the U.S. Constitution and is therefore exclusively federal states do not have the authority to legislate in this area.16 Defenses to a stir up of criminal copyright infringement are, first, that t he offense cannot be prosecuted because the five year statute of limitations has run.17Other defenses are the first sale dogma and an argument that the defendant did not act willfully. The first sale doctrine lets one who purchased a copyrighted work freely distribute the copy she bought.18 Under the doctrine, however, the purchaser can only distribute the copy she bought she cannot copy the purchased item and distribute the copies.19 Since most computer software is distributed through licensing agreements, the first sale doctrine typically does not apply when someone is charged with software piracy.20 With regard to the claim that a defendant did not act willfully, there is some ambiguity as what is required to show willfulness. philanders disagree as to whether it requires an intent to copy or intent to infringe.21The newest weapon in the federal arsenal of copyright statutes is the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, which added two sections to title 17 of the U.S. Code. Section 1201 makes it unlawful to circumvent measures used to protect copyrighted works, while 1202 makes it unlawful to tamper with copyright management information. Another new section, 17 U.S. Code 1204, creates criminal penalties for violating either sections 1201 or 1202 of the DMCA. The first criminal prosecution under the DMCA was filed in 2001 against Dmitry Sklyarov, a Russian citizen, and his employer, Elcomsoft, Ltd.22 They were charged with violating 17 U.S. Code 1201(b) (l) (A), by trafficking in technology designed to circumvent the rights of a copyright owner, and with violating 17 U.S. Code 1201(b) (l) (C), by trafficking in technology marketed for use in circumventing technology that protects the rights of a copyright owner.Another area that is a high priority in federal computer crime prosecutions is child pornography. To understand the current state of the law outlawing child pornography, it is necessary to understand the low Amendment, which states, in part, that Co ngress is to make no law abridging the freedom of speech. The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted this part of the First Amendment as prohibiting the criminalization of any but a very few limited categories of speech The First Amendment bars the government from dictating what we see or read or speak or hear. The freedom of speech has its limits it does not embrace certain categories of speech, including defamation, incitement, obscenity, and pornography produced with real children.23From the decisive as well statistical perspective, child pornography appears a relatively recent addition to the list. However, the rise of computer technology raised concerns about practical(prenominal) child pornography, i.e., pornography created using morphed or other artificial images of children, and in 1996 Congress adopted the Child Pornography Prevention Act, codified as 18 U.S. Code 2251. This Act extended the prohibitions on manufacturing, possessing and distributing child pornography to encom pass pornography that featured not only real children but what appeared to be a real child.24 In 2001, a coalition of free speech advocates challenged these provisions of the federal child pornography statutes they argued that because no real children are harmed in the creation of virtual child pornography, it does not fall under a category of speech that cannot constitutionally be criminalized.25When the case was before the Supreme Court, the Department of Justice argued that virtual child pornography can be criminalized because (a) pedophiles use it to seduce children into sexual acts and (b) it stimulates pedophiles into molesting children.26 The Supreme Court rejected these arguments and held that the prohibition of virtual child pornography violated the First Amendment, so the statutory provisions at issue were unconstitutional and unenforceable.

Gender Roles Influenced By Media And Society

Gender Roles Influenced By Media And nightspotOne normally obtains their grammatical sexual activity roles usually through social interactions rather than obtaining it genetically. When adult male be born(p), single argon endowed with a small concept of sexual activity. Manners and proper behavior is in general learned through the social interactions with others and also the relationships with iodine another. Our gender identity is build through the interactions or experience from our parents, media, people from school, work or at home and also troupe can influence our gender identity. Depending on how we are raised greatly affects on how superstar acts as they grow up. The media can influence e real aspect of ones life, their lifestyle, fashion, physical appearance, and also behavior. Society has the power to change the behavior and peoples point of views authority more than what genetics or biological can.The genetic make-up for all living beings mainly humans are usua lly born with might affect their physical abilities, but one usually learns how to act in specific ways by proficient watching the people around them. An example of this would be that when boys of a young age watches cartoons or anything that involves a male aspect, theses young boys are usually influenced by the characters or what they see on television. Usually these characters are pictured to be in a violent and aggressive manner, which cause these children to act what they see. On the gleaming side mainly super heroes are the ones that influence young boys the most such as Superman,Spiderman, Iron or even Batman and they are usually portrayed to be a vehement, very athletic and brave hero which can influence a boys every action.In cartoons like these there is also a downside to it to where boys are depicted to be destructive and usually aggressive as well to a point where it suggest that males should be very competitive to one another. Children at younger age are also more u ndefended to be influenced by television when compared to an adult due to the maturity level of one another. Not only just the boys also the older males are influenced by todays media, televisions, music and community. An example of this would be the music artist Eminem where he wants males to be very violent and rebel against homosexuality and also be dominant towards females. Usually the younger teens are influenced by this because of the lack of maturity to make their own choices or decisions and these young males are gullible to a point where they are influenced by what they see. There was a Columbine massacre or incident in 1999 that proved that the boys who killed all those innocent students derived all of their ideas from certain movies and television shows. This proves that teens at a very open age that can be easily manipulated by society to act in predictable or spontaneous ways.According to Diekman, author of Stereotypes as dynamic constructs Women and men of the past, present, and future. states that typical characteristics for women are piety, submissiveness, and domesticity, while authority, and social behavior, are traits commonly held by men. When girls are young, they are usually given a Barbie doll to play with and are expected to grow up as the high-flown Barbie girl who is very beautiful looking and supposedly very feminine. Girls are usually less athletic when compared to boys due to their genetic make-up they just tilt to not be athletic. Due to this genetic unfairness between males and females, parents would not treat each gender the same way when it comes down to sports. The boys are usually taught to be very aggressive because they are more athletic and competitive than girls while on the other hand girls are encouraged to express or release their feelings and its ok for them to cry openly. Boys are never encouraged to cry or complain about anything. They are taught to replace the feminine feelings of fear and rue and replace the m with excitement or anger. Boys or males in particular use the phrase be a man referring to being tough or strong and one that never shows his emotions.Children can also be influenced by their peers to act in specific ways at a very young vulnerable age. One can be made fun of easily if they are usually doing things that dont suittheir gender. An example would be if a young boy or any male would easily be made fun of if they like to play with dolls, like shopping or just play in the kitchen. The society and media shows what types of things that certain gender should usually be doing for each gender. On television, it would usually receive specific types of clothes, toys, jobs, etc for each of the genders and what they think each gender should follow. Due to these social influences, males and females act the way one does because of how society taught one to grow up to be. As for careers men are the dominant one because of how they can handle tougher jobs than a woman. Women are dep icted to be caring for others or cooperative with anything and also just less valued. Woman careers are preferred to usually be models, nurses or even housewives.According to InfoRefuge on an article about Gender Roles and the Media, it states that our society continues to respect and represent men more than women in every aspect of our day-after-day lives. People were raised by the society to think what men and women are capable of. Due to these circumstances these are usually the reasons why men mainly get better jobs than women do and also have a better chance of getting jobs in the work force. Gender stereotypes are everywhere and understood occur today. For example, it is not acceptable in this society for a female to coach a mens sports team at any type of level professional, college or either high school team male oriented teams. This is a huge deficit and disadvantage because of the fact that females too can be painful coaches sometimes way more superior to most males an d therefore the players would miss out the chance from learning and gain experience this coach. The female coaches also suffers from not gaining or they miss the opportunity to coach these male players and are often force to pass down their knowledge to just female players. Society is unfair to judge wholly on ones capabilities on gender. Therefore theses better jobs that usually pay a lot, females are solely at a disadvantage of getting the job due to their gender which is unavoidable.Another influence that society has on one is when people begin to date. There are certain specific behaviors that are supposedly expected by each gender because of the social influence, custom and usage in society. Men are the ones that should be expected to pay for the date, movement and also ask the girl out and many more outdated manners that guys should usually do for a woman. Women on the other hand, also have a specific role in the dating game. When two people get married, society assumes spec ific roles according to their gender. Men are expected go to work to pay for the bills, put a roof over their heads and also put food on the table. According to an article on CliffNotes on gender stereotypes, it states that Traditionally, the female stereotypic role is to marry and have children. This means usually women are the ones staying at home to take care of the children or plainly be a housewife. These stereotypical roles are starting to deteriorate because of the fact that its societys standards. Women are far more important that what society depicts, they also have the same capabilities as any other man or human being. They could also be working or doing the exact same thing as man could or even better. There are no biological or physical abilities that hold men and woman to these assumed roles in society.Humans are born knowing which gender they are, but one learns their gender identity through the interactions of what we grow up with and learn how society expects them to act. There is no possible way that one could learn what one believes in and behaviors through biological influences society has a much stronger influence on the way people act solely based on gender. Everyone in this world is born with some kind of innate ability on how to act relative to gender, but the way on is raised, how one interact with others and also the influences that the media has is what influences ones gender identity.

Research Paper On Leukemia Health And Social Care Essay

Research Paper On Leukemia Health And Social Care EssayI decided to write my research paper on Leukemia because my uncle who lived in Bend, OR found out that he had Leukemia. This juvenilesworthiness was devastating for our family including my uncle. His health started dropping and he started felling tired all(a) the time. My uncles this condition led him to retrogress his job because he could not keep up with his work. In our culture sole provider of the household is man. In this situation financial condition of the family was direful because neither my uncle nor his wife were working. Their kids school grades were dropping and they were sadden by their fathers sickness. His son had emotional breakdown, and wanted to spend all his time with his father. This commotion of the family even spilled oer to my side of the family. My mom was really attached to her brother finding out that her brother has genus Cancer. It was very hard on my mom. My moms health was at its worse when she got news of my uncles sickness.My uncles parents lived in India. Finding out their one and only son has a deadly sickness it was very disturbing for his parents. They applied for visas to come to the United States to arrest their son. Even though, the family in the United States made a request to immigration services to allow my uncles parents to come to the United States to see their son. Supporting documents were submitted including a luxuriant letter from my uncles doctor describing his checkup condition. However, their requests for obtaining U.S. visas were denied. My uncles medical condition did not allow him to travel to India to see his parents for the last time in his life.Furthermore, my uncle did not have medical insurance. The reason for not having a medical insurance was the high cost of it. Other big factor of not having insurance was that my uncle did not have a job for a long time. Even when he had a job it did not come with medical benefits. However, few months a fter my uncle found out that he had a potbellycer, and was hospitalized a doctor from the hospital down in Bend, Oregon helped him to get a medical insurance through Oregon Health Plan. This helped my uncle and his family a lot. My uncle was able to get quality intervention from the hospital through that health plan. The doctors did chemotherapy for six months and still it didnt cure him, and soon doctors gave up, and said sorry he usage live for long. Just week after that my uncle passed away. This is how my family is impacted by Leukemia.Leukemia is genus Cancer that starts in the tissue that systems gunstock. To know how cancer starts it is helpful to know how normal crinkle cells form. Most blood cells are formed in the bone marrow called stem cells. Bone marrow is the soft material in the center of nearly bones. When mature it develops into different kinds of blood cells, each kind does a special job. Major kinds include the red blood cells and the white blood cells. Wh ite blood cells are helpful to fight infections. There are many kinds of white blood cells.Red blood cells carry oxygen to the tissues throughout the body. The platelets help form blood clots to prevent bleeding. White blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets are created from stem cells when body needs them. When these cells grow old or damaged, they become flat, and then new cells take their place.In a patient who has leukemia, the bone marrow makes abnormal white blood cells. Those abnormal blood cells are called leukemia cells. Normal blood cells die when they reach a certain age or when they get damaged, whereas leukemia cells do not die after aging or getting damaged. They start to labour out normal white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. This situation makes it very hard for normal blood cells to do their job.There are devil types of leukemia the types of leukemia can be grouped on the bases of how quick the disease develops and gets worse. Leukemia is either chronic which usually gets worse slowly, or theirs acute which usually gets worse quickly. continuing LeukemiaIn the beginning stages of the disease, the leukemia cells can still do the job for normal white blood cells. Patient may not have any hall at first doctors often find the chronic leukemia during a routine checkup before there are any symptoms. Gradually, chronic leukemia gets worse. As the offspring of leukemia cells in the blood increases, patients starts to get symptoms, such as swollen lymph nodes, fevers, night sweats, weak feeling, bleeding, weightiness loss, swelling, pain or infections. When those symptoms do appear, they are usually gentle at first and get worse slowly.Acute LeukemiaThe leukemia cells cant do any of the work of normal white blood cells. The number of leukemia cells increases quickly. Patients usually go to their doctor because they feel sick. If the brain is affected, they may headaches, vomiting, confusion, loss of muscle control, or seizures. Patients start to get symptoms, such as swollen lymph nodes, fevers, night sweats, weak feeling, bleeding, weight loss, swelling, pain or infections. Acute leukemia usually worsens rapidly.DiagnosisHave one or more of the following tests do physical exam, blood tests, biopsy done cardinal ways bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow biopsy.PreventionAs long prevention goes, there is no way to prevent leukemia at this time. However, avoiding risk factors such as smoking, exposure to toxic chemicals, diagnostic x-rays, and exposure to radiation may help prevent some cases of leukemia. Being good and staying fit plays a big role in preventing leukemia. What we put into our bodies has a lot to do with our overall health.Cancer Fighting FoodsI have also done some research on foods that are known to prevent different types of cancer. Eating a lot of vegetables and fruits help to prevent leukemia, list of vegetables and fruits areAvocados juicy in glutathione, a powerful antioxidant t hat attacks free radicals in body.Black Raspberries Blueberries contain an antioxidant that kills leukemia cells without harming healthy cells.Carrots contain beta carotene, which may help reduce cancer.Broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, and rook contains two antioxidants, lutein and zeaxanthin that may help reduce cancer.Garlic increases the activity of immune cells and helps break down substances that cause cancer.Grapefruits, oranges, papayas, pomegranate help prevent cancerTreatmentLeukemia treatment falls into two types of treatment to fight the cancer and treatment to relieve the symptoms of the disease and the side effects of the treatment. Chemotherapy is the widely used treatment for leukemia it is the powerful drug to kill leukemia cells. Therapy can be administered by mouth or vein depending on the type of medication. Sometimes depending on the case chemotherapy can be given at home. In other cases patient has to hospitalize to receive the therapy. By this it kills cells or stops them from reproducing. It also kills rapidly growing healthy cells, accounting for many of the side effects of therapy. The severity of the side effects depends on the doses given and the patients tolerance.Chemotherapy is usually given in cycles. Each cycle consists of arch treatment over several days followed by a few weeks without treatment for rest and recovery from side effects caused by the therapy, mostly genus Anemia and low white blood cells. The sequence is then repeated. It may be administered for two to six cycles, depending on subtype leukemia and risk factors involved.Bone marrow exams may be done prior to each cycle of therapy. After completion of treatment the patient is evaluated again to see the effect of the chemotherapy for leukemia.ConclusionIn end it is all about how we take care of our bodies, our diet plays a big role in our well being and staying healthy. As stated above leukemia cancer is a very dangerous disease. We should take prop er precaution to prevent this disease. Doctors are taking several measures to prevent this cancer from spreading in human body. If leukemia cancer is not taken care in its early stages it may prove fatal to human body.Citationshttp//www.leukemia-cure.com/leukemia-symptoms.htmlhttp//www.lls.org//diseaseinformation/leukemia/www.leukemia-lymphoma.orghttp//www.emedicinehealth.com/leukemia/article_em.htmhttp//www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/leukemia

Theories of social disorder in contemporary UK society

Theories of complaisant disorder in contemporary UK unionCompare and contrast either two theories of friendly disorder in contemporary UK societyIn UKs society, like in galore(postnominal) other Modern societys Life is ordered in a authentic way, They live in what is called a democratic society where everyone in theory has a voice and is heard and everyone gets to help pick who is in major power or rather they get the freedom of making a choice. Those that are placed in power by the majority of the society in theory help maintain the social balance and laws that will govern that society in a certain way. This type of society is arranged in a certain order and those that live in this society are accustomed to life having an order and an acceptable set of rules in which they live within. This is social order an accepted Group belief on the ways of life in the society. The people who live in these societys are accustomed to its order and anything or anyone that disrupts their ord er are seen as a threat to their beliefs and on their ways of life these people are a seen as a disruptive or called and disruptive element and are said to bring disorder. This behavior can be categorized as antisocial or Social Disorder. But who gets to purpose on what is actually classed as order and what is classed as disorder?To be able to provide an answer to the question ab reveal theories of disorder in contemporary UK federation. An understanding of social order and where it comes from needs to be understood. Then looking at why social disorder is, and how it affects society on a whole.By doing so a better idea of UK societies is gained and why order is so important and why disorder can become such an issue to society. tone first at Social order and how people get accustomed to order.People get utilise to their society working in a certain way it becomes a natural accepted way of life to them. But who decides on this way of life and what the order should be. An attempt c an be make to try to show this by comparing and contrasting the works of two social scientists Erving Goffman and Michel Foucault (Silva pp.316).According to Geoffmans Apotheosis people come together in many ways. Society is not a separate entity with needs of its own solely rather instead, society is a construction of many individual separate these parts do up of actions and interactions of many parts. Society is like a vast mesh of individual parts and that social order is ca designd by action trust together by its individual parts. These are not repeated the same every time, as actions are made remade, worked and reworked all the time. This can simply opera hat be summed up in saying. Interactional order creates social order (Silva pp 317).In comparison when the work of the social scientist Michel Foucault is looked at, He examined how the social order is organise and shaped. Foucault claimed society is made and remade through, power of discourses and authoritative knowledge . His apotheosis was that the dominant ways of thinking, Came from ether an authoritative entity, professionals and experts in positions of authority and that the order in society is made from alterative power and discourse. Foucault says that in any given historical period, ways of thinking and talking are organized in systems of discourses. These discourses can be seen as what determines the dominant ways of thinking and subsequently what the order in the society will be (Silva pp.319-324).In the comparison between the work of Geoffman and Foucault, They both guard different apotheosis as has been shown earlier and both gave a strong explanation on how order is created in society and where it comes from. Both had their own merits but Foucault Seems apart from lacking to take the creative process of the individual into account uses a scientific basis to his apotheosis which helps to add to the validity of his claims and this builds a stronger apotheosis than the one put across by Geoffman.Now that a basic idea on what social order is has been gained its now time to take a look at what social disorder is, who creates it. To gain a better a basic idea of social disorder the works of the two social scientists Stuart Hall and Stanley Cohen, have been used and will be compared and contrast.So lets first look at what is social Disorder? Social disorder can be said to be any thing differing from normal. There is no universally recognized definition as to what contributes social disorder, rowdy/anti-social (which people are identify as anti-social or disorderly) or essential definition of certain things being right and others wrong. The definition of disorderly or anti-social is actually constructed in specific societies and therefrom differs between places. Indeed, the very term anti-social is of relatively recent origin (Kelly, Toynbee.pp367-368). And such definitions are potentially an issue of conflict and power. This leads to the issue of the value-laden nat ure of defining disorderly/anti-social behaviors and people via law, social policy and media. A definition of disorderly/anti-social behavior is also a concept invoked by communities, an imagined we who judge some activities and people as disorderly/anti-social in the separated, barely overlapping, social space, Toynbee.pp368). Antisocial behavior has now become a catch-all term to describe anything from noisy neighbors and graffiti to kids hanging out on the street. Indeed, it appears that almost any kind of unpleasant behavior can now be categorized as antisocial or Social Disorder.Stanley Cohen puts beforehand the Apotheosis on social disorder that societys media over reacts to an aspect of a group or individuals behavior which may be seen as a argufy to existing social normality. However, the type of media response and the way it deals with the representation of that behavior will actually helps to define it, communicate it and portray it to society as a model for others to o bserve and adopt in their own way. He puts forward that the way group or individuals behavior represented in the media causes moral little terror and that the fears generated are out of all proportion to the scale of the actual behavior which is the subject of the panic by society and will arguable fuel yet further sociably unacceptable behavior. (Kelly, Toynbee.pp378)Stuart Hall and his colleagues employing Cohens definition of moral panic theorized that the rising crime rate equation has an ideological function relating to social control. horror statistics, in Halls view, are often manipulated for political and economic purposes. Moral panics (e.g. over mugging) could thereby be ignited in order to create public brook for the need to police the crisis. this was the creation of a Law and Order society.The media played a central role in this new law and order Society in order to reap the rewards of lurid crime stories. After a period of stabilized consent the government relations hip to the British society was scratch to begin to crack and was coming to an end, in the form of social and political dissent. This dissent ranged from strikes and industrial unrest, intense political and military conflict in blue Ireland, to the emergence of new social movements trying to promote or provoke social change. (Kelly, Toynbee.pp371)The British state those that are those in authority the most gamey or powerful in society e.g. government, police, judges, politicians and lords used a crack down on crime and violence, particularly among young men of ethnic origin. This changed the precondition and the state it became a definer of disorder. The media then taking the cue from those in power made use of terminology, for instance the word mugging and extended it in society eyes, giving them a popular ring. This helped cover the deep-seated causes of social conflict, chiefly inequality, and the original social issues were now masked and turned into a moral and ratified str uggle e.g. violence. This was the birth of a Law and Order society(Kelly, Toynbee.pp380)In conclusion in this undertake it was shown what social order was and how it works and how disorder is made and used examples of how order works and about disorder was used to build a full picture. First by Geoffman who saw society as a network of individuals interacting. Then by Foucault who saw society as controlled and dominated by the powerful and authorities. Then we looked Stanley Cohen theories about media manipulating and escalating disorder in contemporary UK society and in part causing grater disorder in society. Then finally, Stuart Hall theory that social disorder was used as a way of manipulating issues and discord in society and that the media was used as a tool to suit there means.So to conclude society in UK is a democracy where we vote for who has the power then those who are in power use the media to manipulate and escalate to cover deep-seated causes of social conflict and th ey become the definers of what social disorder is and use it as required to keep stability in their society. They become the definer of social disorder and can change it to suit there political and social needs.. member Count 1536Self ReflectionOn reflection I have totally enjoyed this assignment I found it has given me a large quarrel translating the information given into an acceptable essay. Through putting this essay together I have learned a lot. The hardest thing was actually putting my essay together. The research into how to achieve the required results was the best bit

Free Essays on A Dolls House: Money Matters :: Dolls House essays

A Dolls set up Essay Money Matters Henrik Ibsen was born in 1828 to a wealthy family, however, when he was merely eight years old(a) his family went bankrupt, and they lost(p) their status in society. Ibsen knew how the issue of currency could destroy a persons reputation in no time at all. peradventure that is how he makes the characters in his play, A Dolls House , so believable. Nora and Mrs. Linde, the two main female characters in the play, fork out had the issues of notes and forgery ruin their defys. Nora forged her dead sustains signature to get a loan. The play revolves around her struggle with her fear of being found out. Both womens values form as the story moves along. At first, it appears that Nora values money and the status that it brings. Mrs. Linde values her own happiness, and eventually Nora realizes that the only elbow room she will be able to live with what she has make is to do the same. From the start of the play, we see that Noras entire focus i s on money. Wont it be lovely to have stacks of money and non a care in the world (703), Nora asks Mrs. Linde. Almost every conversation she has in the play is related to money in some way or another. When Torvald, her husband, asks her what she wants for Christmas, she tells him, You could give me money, Torvald. . . . Then I could hang the bills in pretty glit paper on the Christmas tree. Wouldnt that be fun (699)? Her carefree way of manipulation money exasperates her husband. He wants to make her happy, but he isnt able to give her what he doesnt have. He doesnt know about the loan, at first, and, to him and the audience, it appears that she is just throwing her money away hopelessly. Mrs. Linde, on the other hand, knows what it is like to not have money to spare. She values money, but for an entire different purpose. The looks at it for what it is worth, and how it stinker befriend her survive. Her entire life she has had to work hard for anything that she wanted or needed. Well, anyway, she responded to Noras remark on having stacks of money, it would be lovely bountiful to have enough for necessities (703). To survive, she had to scrape up living with a little shop and a little teaching and whatever else she could find (704).Free Essays on A Dolls House Money Matters Dolls House essaysA Dolls House Essay Money Matters Henrik Ibsen was born in 1828 to a wealthy family, however, when he was just eight years old his family went bankrupt, and they lost their status in society. Ibsen knew how the issue of money could destroy a persons reputation in no time at all. Perhaps that is how he makes the characters in his play, A Dolls House , so believable. Nora and Mrs. Linde, the two main female characters in the play, have had the issues of money and forgery ruin their lives. Nora forged her dead fathers signature to get a loan. The play revolves around her struggle with her fear of being found out. Both womens values change as the story moves along. A t first, it appears that Nora values money and the status that it brings. Mrs. Linde values her own happiness, and eventually Nora realizes that the only way she will be able to live with what she has done is to do the same. From the start of the play, we see that Noras entire focus is on money. Wont it be lovely to have stacks of money and not a care in the world (703), Nora asks Mrs. Linde. Almost every conversation she has in the play is related to money in some way or another. When Torvald, her husband, asks her what she wants for Christmas, she tells him, You could give me money, Torvald. . . . Then I could hang the bills in pretty glit paper on the Christmas tree. Wouldnt that be fun (699)? Her carefree way of handling money exasperates her husband. He wants to make her happy, but he isnt able to give her what he doesnt have. He doesnt know about the loan, at first, and, to him and the audience, it appears that she is just throwing her money away hopelessly. Mrs. Linde, on the other hand, knows what it is like to not have money to spare. She values money, but for an entire different purpose. The looks at it for what it is worth, and how it can help her survive. Her entire life she has had to work hard for anything that she wanted or needed. Well, anyway, she responded to Noras remark on having stacks of money, it would be lovely enough to have enough for necessities (703). To survive, she had to scrape up living with a little shop and a little teaching and whatever else she could find (704).

Southern Appalachian Cultures: Their Pursuit for Prosperity and the Env

Where there are various regions there are surround to be a variety of people with alternate cultures, beliefs, and ways of life. The cultures found with the Appalachia are unique in their own ways and represent a eubstance of individuals who found their way to such an area. Land that is included within the southerly Appalachia can be best described by Horace Kephart as he does so in his book The grey Highlander and His Homeland to include the four western counties of Maryland the Blue Ridge Valley, and Allegheny Ridge counties of Virginia all of West Virginia easterly Tennessee eastern Kentucky western North Carolina the four northwestern counties of South Carolina northern Georgia and northeastern Alabama. (22-24) With so much area to be had there are a few prominent cultures and occurrences that need to be discussed. Native Indians, European settlers, Industrialists, and the present economy will be referred to in the process of identifying the cultures within Southern Appa lachia. Cultures of the Southern Appalachia that will be discussed will display the lifestyles of many, religion of the areas focused on, and the values individuals held towards the environment.The Cherokee and Shawnee Indians were the more prominent groups found within the Southern Appalachian region. The Cherokee Indians were believed to restrain come to parts of southern Appalachia during prehistoric times. (Cherokee Nation-Indian Territory.) They remained in areas such as southwest Virginia, the Carolinas, northern Alabama and Georgia, and the Cumberland Basin of Tennessee and Kentucky. (Native American, the Cherokee) The Cherokee Indians who had settled in Southern Appalachia were an Iroquoian-speaking people, they built their homes from ... ...the factories, loss of feel within the Appalachian forests, and the amount of CO2 releasing into the atmosphere constantly. Presently the damage we have caused to occur upon the environment in the Southern Appalachia is vast and incomprehensible. The greatest environmental challenge facing Southern Appalachia today is the loss of such prized and beautiful native forests of Southern Appalachia. (19) Although much of the timber within the forests has come back after being utilized as lumber, there are extreme consequences for taking away such an important case of Appalachian Nature and culture. Whats lost cannot be gained, but we can surely do what little we can to impact of culture and world on matters of the need for preservation of nature, so that the environment may prosper for many years to come. Can you make a sacrifice for your area, for your world?