The Interwar Period - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1272 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Question 1 The interwar period should be recalled only as a time of deep political instability, economic change and unsettling social, constantly overshadowed by the prospect of another war. During World War I, most of the European countries were predominantly comprised of the world war powers. It is important to note that most of these countries were under the influence of Germany in the West and Russia in the East.   Undeniably, Scandinavian countries had so far suffered a lot under the rule of the Soviet Union. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Interwar Period" essay for you Create order Under the rule of Stalin, these countries did not have neither economic nor political freedom. Evidently, such countries like Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia would experience one of the most difficult periods regarding political dictatorship. Based on the political and economic challenges or problems they had faced, it was long overdue to cooperate in their foreign affairs on a ten-year deal. Through fascism, every country was in a bid to protect its people. Democracy was also practiced to a small extent during the years. Poland in particular formed a democratic government in 1922. Unfortunately, dictatorship would attack the new formed democratic under the rule of Joseph Pilsudski by 1926. As much as efforts were made to revert to the previous democratic government, they proved unfruitful when immense powers were constitutionally given to the president by 1934. Another country that visibly experienced political turmoil was Hungary. Before the war, Hungary and Austria were intertwined under Hapsburg Emperor of Austria. After Hungary had broken off from Austria to form an independent, this was not to last long whereby the new National Council was overthrown by the power hungry communists. After the ongoing political uncertainties, the case was resolved by installing a monarchy form of government only for it to end being a bloody dictatorship. During this period, Hungary experienced quite a considerable level of economic hardship with land cessation a common phenomenon. After the onset of World War I, the global population oversaw one of the most economically difficult periods. The great depression set in causing the economy to experience a nosedive. Deaths were to the tunes of millions leading to a significant loss of labor force. As a result, industrialization was at its lowest. On the same note, so much property and land were destructed making Europe an economic desert so to say. Furthermore, the period was characterized by high levels of poverty on the part of the ordinary citizenry. The quality of life took a heavy dip, and living conditions were very wanting. Agricultural production levels hit a historical low with Austria experiencing almost a 53% decline. The economic implications of the war would be felt immediately after the war when the world experienced one of the worst recorded recessions and inflation.. These strikes were geared towards achieving better working conditions and better remuneration. The role of women cannot be understated during the interwar period. It is at this period that most women were better educated. There were therefore more job opportunities for them. Some jobs came up which were considered ‘women’s work’. After World War 1, women came out to fight for their rights as workers in various industrial sectors especially new light industries. After the disqualification of the sex act, many women entered into professions and got more job openings. The onset of world war two was stimulated by a couple of factors. One of the causes of the war before it even started was the Italian fascism of the late 1920s and more so the political takeover of Germany in 1933 by Adolf Hitler. It should be noted that he had an aggressive foreign policy. Different ideologies were developed during the interwar period. Tensions arose due to these ideologies and some governments were dissatisfied by them. The League of Nations was also a failure on its part since it failed to protect Abyssinia from attack by Italy. The policies of appeasement were ineffective and feeble. The immediate cause was when the Nazi tried to solve the Polish corridor. Question 2 It is true that the failures of the requirements of the Versailles treaty were not the only reasons which contributed to the start of the Second World War as there are many other factors which led to this. The signing of the Versailles treaty contributed to the ending of the First World War and this happened in 28th June 1919. This is the treaty that led to the creation of the League of Nations in the year 1919 and this was to prevent any further wars in the future then. Germany was not allowed to be a member of this treaty until the year 1926- seven years later. It was written between allies who stood for the same ideology of living peacefully and it was formulated in Paris France. The treaty also spelt the new boundaries of Germany, identifying Germany as the key contributor to the First World War there before. Some part of Germany was given to Belgium, some to Poland, Alsace Lorraine was given back to its native owner France and a number of districts in the eastern part of Germany was given to Poland. Many financial obligations were imposed on Germany and she agreed to bow down to these allegations although the Germans signed the treaty with a lot of protesting while the US government didn’t take many responsibilities for most of the treaty’s provisions. However, in the year 1939, Adolf Hitler breached the provisions of the treaty by attacking Poland which was a neutral country. This sparked the beginning of the Second World War in the year 1939 which lasted till the year 1945. Among the other causes of the Second World War was the Japanese invasions of China in the 1930s which brought division and created a stress line by creating allies to either sides. The other cause of the war was the Italian fascism whose origin can be traced back to the 1920s and the man behind this was an Italian dictator by the name Mussolini. The other cause of the Second World War was the political takeover of Germany which took place in the year 1933 putting a very ambitious leader in power who was Adolf Hitler. He wanted to concur the world and attain the fame and glory that Germany had one time. This was majorly supported by his Nazi party and also the aggressive policy on foreign issues. Adolf Hitler felt that his country had been unfairly treated by the Versailles treaty and this dissatisfaction made him mobilize fellow Germans to spark off the Second World War. Another key cause of the Second World War was the militarism which made many countries have strong military powers due to the science inventions in the field of military such as the invention of the machine gun and development of military cars. This sparked aggression between countries since they felt they had a military back up to rise against their enemies. The Spanish civil war also was a key contributor and it led to support of Germans and Italians on the nationalists while the Soviet Union supported the government. The issue of allies led to war since enemies took different sides and fought against each other indirectly. Italian invasion of Albania also contributed to the war in 1939. One of the most immediate causes of the Second World War was the invasion of Poland by Germany and it should be noted that Poland was a neutral state that did not support either the Germany or the Soviet fronts. This sparked conflict since Britain entered into the issue by supporting Poland. Therefore, the failure of the Versailles treaty is not the only reason for the occurrence of the Second World War.

Movie Review Lost On Hong Kong - 977 Words

What is a comedy film? The Wikipedia says that â€Å"it is a genre of movie which designed to entertain the audience with exaggerating performance or plot.† However, the amount of laugh cannot defines the successful of a comedy film. In my opinion, every comedy contain a tragedy inside, and to form a great comedy, you must form a great tragedy first. The movie, Lost in Hong Kong, which is defined as a comedy, is a successful commercial movie due to its high box office, but remove the apparent normal jokes, the rest of the comedy is flat and empty. This movie, Lost in Hong Kong, is the third film of the series Lost which are Lost in Journey, Lost in Thailand, and Lost in Hong Kong. The director of the second and third film is the new director Xu Zheng, an actor who has performing career for decades. The series of Lost is basically road action adventure comedy movie and the main theme of this series is that the funny things happens during an unfamiliar journey. In Lost in Hong Kong, the journey happens between the main character Xu Lai, who is performed by the director Xu Zheng, and main character’s brother-in-law Cai Lala who is performed by the new actor Bao Beier who just known by the public. The journey starts from a family travel to Hong Kong while the main character find out there is a chance to meet his first love girlfriends Yang yi. Thus he tries to avoid his family but he is still misunderstood by his brother-in-law who consider Xu lai wants to be infidelity to hisShow MoreRelatedComparing The City And Urban Life That Comes Out Of Wong Kar Wai s Movies1795 Words   |  8 Pagesplaces such as Hong Kong and New York have been used as cities, big ones, and urban centers at times. The presentation of these two settings differs from one movie to another. Whereas at one point they are taken as a character in the movie, the other point they are taken as setting and plot. For instance, in Chungking Express, Hong Kong comes out as an urban space that is densely populated with people from different areas filling the city. In this movie which appears to be having Hong Kong as the settingRead MoreThe Success Factors of Standard Chartered Hong Kong Marathon12264 Words   |  50 PagesThe Success Factors of Standard Chartered Hong Kong Marathon Presented to The Department of Business Administration 2011-12 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This repost is studying the success factors of Standard Chartered Hong Kong Marathon. It will be collect the information and data from questionnaire survey and focus groups. Also, it will be through Value Important Performance Grid tool and SWOT analysis that more understand the performance and state of this marathon, then make some recommendationRead MoreThe Not-so-Wonderful World of Eurodisney5487 Words   |  22 Pagesof all nationalities. Spills and Thrills Disney had projected that the new theme park would attract 11 million visitors and generate over $100 million in operating earnings during the ï ¬  rst year of operation. By summer 1994, EuroDisney had lost more than $900 million since opening. Attendance reached only 9.2 million in 1992, and visitors spent 12 percent less on purchases than the estimated $33 per head. If tourists were not ï ¬â€š ocking to taste the thrills of the new EuroDisney, whereRead MoreHk Disney16299 Words   |  66 PagesI. Executive Summary This marketing service plan on Hong Kong Disneyland aims to give concrete recommendations for the improvement of the theme park’s service marketing mix elements or 8Ps. Other than the different recommendations, this paper also contains various information regarding Hong Kong Disneyland’s current situation as well as other related vital knowledge needed for the service plan, such as; Industry Analysis, Competitive Analysis, TOWS analysis and TOWS matrix. The industry analysisRead MoreThe Fascination Of Social Network1403 Words   |  6 Pageswhen people speak different languages from different countries? Because of the sharing function of the social network, we can know a lot of interesting things that we do not know before, such as a new song, a culture of a country, a review of a restaurant and a movie trailer. Also, there is a fun thing called hashtag â€Å"#† which is a type of label helping users to find messages with a specific theme or content. If you are interested in Disney, enter #Disney on Instagram or Twitter and it will showRead MoreCase on the Disney Brand14200 Words   |  57 PagesSuccessful Expansions into new Geographies...........................................................................9 Avon’s Turn-around: A Case Study .......................................................................................9 Literature Review ................................................................... ............................................. 10 Disney – A Case Study............................................................................................................10Read MoreThe Walt Disney Company and Disney Management25371 Words   |  102 PagesNow at Disneyland Resort Paris Spills and Thrills Disney had projected that the new theme park would attract 11 million visitors and generate over $100 million in operating earnings during the ï ¬ rst year of operation. By summer 1994, EuroDisney had lost more than $900 million since opening. Attendance reached only 9.2 million in 1992, and visitors spent 12 percent less on purchases than the estimated $33 per head. If tourists were not ï ¬â€šocking to taste the thrills of the new EuroDisney, where wereRead MoreShort Cases19708 Words   |  79 PagesFOOD PRODUCTS COMPANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6. MANAGING MARKETING IN THE 21ST CENTURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7. THE MASS TRANSIT RAILWAY IN HONG KONG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8. SOCIAL MARKETING COMPANY, BANGLADESH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 9. ENERGY WORLD, INC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Read MoreGucci Brand Management5545 Words   |  23 Pages...................................................................................................1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................3 Literary Review.....................................................................................................................4 Brand identity .................................................................................................................Read MoreDisney Land9906 Words   |  40 Pagesto their American ways. Their strategy needed re-thinking. This time round they had to understand the underlying problems and find solutions to make a ‘turnaround’. The report analyses and studies the French market using the PEST analysis. It also reviews the Internal and External Environment of Euro Disney to suggest how the company must use its Strengths and Op portunities to the optimum and reduce its weakness and threats. Further, the report looks at the current plan of Disneyland to enter China

Health Rights Within The World Health Organization Essay

HEALTH RIGHTS IN CONFLICT/DISASTER CONTEXT According to the World Health Organization, health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The above definition of health by the World Health Organization redefined the concept of health among the different stakeholders involved in safeguarding people’s right to health. Until then health was merely seen as an absence of disease. But this definition helped the world to reimagining the various dimensions of health. Thus it underscores the fact that health is directly influenced by the environmental as well as social factors such as housing, education, food and a sense of safety from physical as well as sexual violence too. Thus health effects of conflict and disasters are much beyond the mortality and morbidity figures reported. http://www.uniteforsight.org/women-children-course/women-war The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) declares health as a fundamental human right . The right to health is considered as an inclusive right wherein its scope extends beyond the conventional concept of right to healthcare. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights specifies those underlying crucial determinants as safe drinking water, adequate sanitation, safe food, gender equality, and healthy environment and working conditions, health related education and information, adequate nutrition as well as housing. The health rights mandate that allShow MoreRelatedThe World Health Organization Of The United Nations1569 Words   |  7 PagesThe World Health Organization (WHO) is one of the leading organization’s in the world, that devotes it’s time improving the health of individual’s all around the world. This public organization is an affiliate of the United Nations (UN) with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. Likewise, it’s the coordinating and directing authority for health matters within the systems of the United Nations. The WHO is responsible for the provision of health matters across the globe, shaping the health researchRead MoreImportance Of The United Nations1129 Words   |  5 PagesNations is kno wn to promote world stability, keep peace around the globe and to promote international co-operation between countries. The United Nations currently helps 193 countries. Not only do they help with the political side of things, they also help countries that do not have the proper necessities to survive such as food, water, and shelter as well as countries that have suffered through a natural disaster and need help rebuilding. There are still many third world countries in today’s societyRead MoreEssay On Corporate Governance1041 Words   |  5 Pagessector organization, Good Corporate Governance is therefore about ensuring all stakeholders’ adherence to organizational policies, procedures and systems. The right to health has been recognized ever since the birth of the United Nations (UN) in 1945. The Charter of the UN urges state parties to respect rights to a higher standard of living and solutions to international health problems. On 7 April 1948 the World Health Organization was founded as the custodian of the world policies on health mattersRead MoreCan Quality Of Life Be Quantified Into Dollars And Cents?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesmeans having health insurance that will pay for, or at least subsidize, the visit and treatment prescribed. However, this same health insurance dictates who you can see and for what. Anything outside of those parameters is not covered, and unless the matter is urgent, those issues often go untreated, oftentimes exacerbating the issue. Those same parameters often limit the quality of the care, with higher quality providers being ‘priced out’ of more affordable plans. In addition, health insurance canRead MoreCode of Ethics Essay1578 Word s   |  7 PagesIn a health care organization, it is important that the organization’s mission, philosophies, and ethics are followed through properly. . With the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it is no different. . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s â€Å"mission is to protect people’s health and to support the quality of life in humans by prevention and control of diseases, injuries, and disabilities† (About CDC, 2010, page or paragraph number with quotes). With the organizationsRead MoreCode Of Ethics For An International Organization972 Words   |  4 Pages Code of Ethics for an International Organization Patten University 09/21/15 I have been selected to be a part of a collaborative team of an international organization for which we have the task of developing global code of ethics that integrate and demonstrate respect for the diverse groups that I do business with, such as the nations of India, the United Arab Emirates and Japan. I would use the World Health Organization (WHO) as on example. Below is a list of code of ethicsRead MoreHCS/212 Health Services and Systems Matrix Essay1227 Words   |  5 PagesMaterial Health Services and Systems Matrix Choose at least seven services or systems from the following list: Hospice care World Health Organization (WHO) Public health Rehabilitation center Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Medicare Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS Center for Disease Control (CDC) Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) Read MoreDomestic Violence Against Women Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesThe World Health Organization defines violence as: â€Å"The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal-development or deprivation†. WHO has declared violence against women both a public health problem and a violation of human rights. Violence against women is of many types and has many faces. Also called Gender-basedRead MorePolitical Awareness Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pagesleaders are aware that today’s health care system has many issues complicating the goal of quality patient care and outcomes for all. Nurse leaders must stay informed and become involved as an advocate influencing changes in policy, laws, and/or regulations that govern the health care system they practice in. At times the advocacy requires a nurse leader to become more involved beyond their immediate level of practice and into the world of politics and policy. The health care practice arena is impactedRead MoreThe Impact Of Health Information On Individuals, Professionals, And Organizations Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesHealth information is a fundamental piece of data which represents a person, business, organization, or a community. This data is vital in monitoring and coordination of care for individuals and communities. It not only monitors and coordinates patient care, but reduces costly mistakes and prevent duplication of treatments as well as taking a pivotal role in preserving, securing, and protecting personal health information. Since, this information is extremely essential and sensitive, it must remain

The Sun and Moon free essay sample

The solar system is one of the very first things that a child will learn about in school. Children will learn why there is night and day, why there are seasons, the different shapes of the moon, and all of that important stuff that is too easily forgotten, as time progresses. But whether one retains the basic knowledge of Earth’s sun and moon or not, the facts (similarities and differences) of these two celestial objects, are still very important. Without these facts, science would not be the same, nor would it have nearly the same amount of innumerable breakthroughs that it has today. To fully understand the similarities of Earth’s sun and moon, one must first be aware of their differences. It is easiest to start with the basics and then build on those basic facts with more details, just how one learned back in elementary, middle and high school. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sun and Moon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The sun can basically be described as a yellow, dwarf star and has more mass than all of the planets, asteroids, and moons in the solar system (the Milky Way) combined. The sun is so big, in fact, that it would take about 333,000 Earths to equal the mass of the sun. While, moon on the other hand, is smaller than the Earth and is thought to be a large mass of dense material (Furto, 2013). After scientists performed a couple of bombings on the moon, the scientists found that the moon rings, almost like a bell, which has caused some people to speculate that the interior of the moon is hollow and metallic (Recomparison). This is also another way that the sun and moon differ, since it is common knowledge that the sun is, basically, a big ball of hot, glowing gases, and not a, potentially, hollow mass of ringing material. Yet another difference between the sun and the moon is that the moon revolves around the sun, while the sun basically remains stationary. Also the differentiation of size between the sun and moon is yet another major difference between these two orbs. The sun, on one hand, is a huge star that is about 865,000 miles in diameter, while the moon, is a ball of only a mere 2,200 miles in diameter. This is such a huge size difference that about 76 million moons could actually fit into the sun with a little bit of room to spare. Once again, the sun is much larger and has a tremendous amount of mass. The mass of the sun is about 27 million times more than the mass of the moon. This is fact also helps to explain one of the other differences between the sun and the moon, their gravitational pull (Cain, 2008). While it could be considered a similarity that they both provide the Earth with gravity, it shall be considered a difference for the moment, because the sun has a greater force of gravity than the moon, due to the size difference. It’s this gravitational interaction that gives the Earth its orbit around the sun, and the tiny pull of the moon just causes the Earth to wobble a bit in its movements. When the sun and the moon are pulling on the Earth from the same direction, their gravity adds up, and we get the largest spring tides, and then, when they’re on opposite sides of the Earth, their forces cancel out somewhat (Cain, 2008). As mentioned above, the Earth experiences two high tides per day because of the difference in the moons gravitational field at the Earths surface and at its center. One could say that there is a high tide on the side nearest and the opposite sides of the moon, because the moon pulls the water away from the Earth. And even though the sun is 391 times as far away from the Earth as the moon, its force on the Earth is about 175 times as large. Yet, its tidal effect is smaller than that of the moon because tides are caused by the difference in gravity field across the Earth (Georgia State University). Another difference between the sun and the moon is the amount of light each one gives off, as well as how strong the light is. On one hand, you have the sun, without which life could not exist in this solar system. The sun provides Earth with light during the day and the moon however, seems to be the light at night. Which is actually a false assumption. The moon actually distributes no light whatsoever, it merely reflects the light of the sun (Recomparison). It is more like a mirage or a mirror, because it is just reflecting the light from the sun, not actually producing much light, if any, of its own. Now that some of the main differences have been explained, it is time to explain some of the similarities between the sun and the moon. Besides the obvious similarities of them both being celestial orbs floating around in space, and that they are specific to Earth’s solar system, there are two main similarities between the sun and moon. One very big similarity is the vast amount of information that is not known about the two, and the â€Å"strangeness† that scientists have observed about them. For instance, in January of 2010, the Internet began buzzing about SOHO (The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory spacecraft) images which seem to show large spherical, reflective objects in the corona of the sun (Recomparison). Scientists are also pondering the reason that light seems to peak through cracks on the lunar surface. The suns composition is also in question by a few scientists, but not all can agree on what the sun is or isnt, the same goes for the moon. Some scientists are also puzzled as to why the sun and the moon are so large in comparison to the planet, Earth. It is comparatively larger in relation to the Earth than any other moon or sun in comparison to its planet. Recently, photographic evidence has come out showing structures on the moon, which have not been explained by anyone nor are there any plans for humans to investigate the moon in a meaningful way (Recomparison). Another easy similarity is that humankind can not currently sustain life on either the sun or the moon. As it was mentioned before, gravity can be considered both a similarity and a difference when writing a compare and contrast essay on the sun and moon. But now that gravity has been described as a difference, it can now be looked at as a similarity. Both the sun and the moon have their own personal gravity and they affect the gravitational pull of everything and everyone on Earth. The gravity is not the same on each of these three things, because of the vast difference between their masses, but the gravitational pulls on the sun and the moon, balance each other out here on Earth. Since the moon is much smaller than Earth, this means that the moons gravity is less than Earths. The gravity on the moon is actually about one-sixth of the gravity on Earth, while the sun has an immense mass, it also has an immense amount of gravity, and with the Earth caught in the middle of the two, the pull more-or-less evens out. In conclusion, there are many things that humanity has learned, and still has yet to learn about outer space, but without what we already know, there are many things that society would not have or be able to do today. Because of what scientists have learned about Earth’s solar system, the world has seen phenomenal breakthroughs in science and technology. For instance, anything that runs off of solar energy or most anything eco-friendly would not be around, because society would not have the knowledge about what these things would do for humanity or what would happen to the world without them.

Tinker V Des Moines free essay sample

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District Constitutional issue: â€Å"Is symbolic speech by public school students protected under the First Amendment? † Parties involved: John F. Tinker and Mary Beth Tinker, minors, by their father and next friend, Leonard Tinker and Christopher Eckhardt, minor, by his father and next friend, William Eckhardt v. The Des Moines Independent Community School District Legal background: The parents of the Tinker and Eckardt with the help of the ACLU filed suit in U.S. District Court. The Court upheld the decision of the Des Moines school board and a tie vote in the U. S. Court of Appeals for the 8th Circuit forcing the Tinkers and Eckhardts to appeal to the Supreme Court directly. Summary: John F. Tinker, his younger sister Mary Beth Tinker and their friend Christopher Eckhardt all word black armbands to their schools in protest of the Vietnam War. the principals of the school issued a policy banning the wearing of the armbands and threatening suspension. We will write a custom essay sample on Tinker V Des Moines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All 3 students decided to go against the policy and continue wearing their armbands leading to their suspensions. Controversy/Political consequence: The case revealed that Students do not lose their constitutional rights when they walk into a school building or partake in the education system. Although there were limitations to those rights. Ruling: The Justices ruled 7-2 against the school district. Majority: The majority opinion which was delivered by Justice Abe Fortas stated that schools would have to shows constitutionally valid reasons to limit or regulate speech in the classroom. And that the school was allowed to forbid actions that would directly interfere with education. They held that students do not shed their rights when they enter the classroom. Dissent: Justices Hugo Black and John M. Harlan II both felt that â€Å"symbolic† free speech was not protected by the constitution and felt that the 1st amendment did not allow for speeches and demonstrations to be held anywhere at any time and that the Tinker’s were in fact being disruptive. Opinion: I agree with the majority on this one, we as students do not lose our rights when we enter the school and we should be allowed to demonstrate within the school as per our first amendment right. The school system does not have the authority to dictate our rights. Legacy: Several Supreme Court cases have used the â€Å"Tinker test† to decide whether or not the first amendment has been used disruptively, including Bethel School District v. Fraser, and Frederick v. Morse.

2014 NZ Child Poverty Monitor Essay

2014 NZ Child Poverty Monitor Essay 2014 NZ Child Poverty Monitor Essay 2014 Child Poverty Monitor Tracking progress on reducing child poverty in New Zealand 260,000 Crowded homes and child poverty Children in poverty are more likely to live in crowded housing 180,000 go without need kiwi kids 24% 17% that’s LIVE IN that’s poverty the things kiwi kids they Material Hardship Income Poverty 35 out of kiwi hardest end* kids of poverty ARE AT THE children of the 10% of living in poverty live this way for many years Severe Poverty Persistent Poverty Data source – Child Poverty Monitor: 2014 Technical Report childpoverty.co.nz *this is based on the most recent available data from 2012 visit www.childpoverty.co.nz to read the full report for more information and 2014 Income Poverty Income poverty measures look at the amount of money families have to pay bills and purchase everyday essentials 60% of nz’s median income adjusted after tax for family size and type less than poverty children LIVE IN their families LIVE off that’s 260,000 kiwi kids 1 in 4 Income is after housing costs as this is a significant and fixed portion of household spending. It shows what is left for other essentials. 63+37+F 1 in 3 1 in 3 53+47+F 1 in 6 ON AVERAGE: pasifika children poverty arein BENEFICIARY HOUSEHOLDS 53% 47% SOLE PARENT FAMILIES TWO PARENT FAMILIES *this is based on moving line poverty measures. Other data here are based on fixed line measures of poverty www.childpoverty.co.nz Data source – Child Poverty Monitor: 2014 Technical Report maori children poverty european children poverty arein children in poverty by FAMILY TYPE 37% 63% ADULTS IN PAID EMPLOYMENT arein children in poverty by household INCOME CHILDREN ARE MORE THAN TWICE AS LIKELY TO BE IN POVERTY THAN THOSE AGED 65+ * 2014 Material Hardship Material hardship means kids are living in households where they go without the things most New Zealanders consider essential 180,000 go without kiwi kids regularly the things they need www.childpoverty.co.nz Data source – Child Poverty Monitor: 2014 Technical Report 17% that’s 2014 Severe Poverty 1 in 10 Children in severe poverty are living in households with both low incomes and material deprivation the things they need and their low family income means they don’t have any opportunity to change this *this is based on the most recent available data from 2012 www.childpoverty.co.nz Data source – Child Poverty Monitor: 2014 Technical Report are at the 10+90+F 10% OF CHILDREN ARE LIVING IN SEVERE POVERTY 6% severe poverty while they are going without kiwi hardest end kids of poverty * of NZ’s total population are living in 2014 Persistent Persistent Poverty Poverty Children in persistent poverty are in families with low incomes over long periods of time 35 children in families whose average income over 7 years is below the income poverty line www.childpoverty.co.nz Data source – Child Poverty Monitor: 2014 Technical Report are likely to children live this way for in poverty many years of the out of Children in persistent poverty are in families with low incomes over long periods of time Spending long periods of time in poverty from a young age makes it difficult for

About the Reconstruction Era (1865â€1877)

About the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877) The period of Reconstruction took place in the southern United States from the end of the Civil War in 1865 until 1877. The era was marked by intense controversies, which included the impeachment of a president, outbreaks of racial violence, and the passage of Constitutional amendments. Even the end of Reconstruction was controversial, as it was marked by a presidential election which many, to the present day, contend was stolen. The main issue of Reconstruction was how to bring the nation back together after the rebellion of the slave states had been ended. And, at the end of the Civil War fundamental  issues facing the nation included what role former Confederates might play in the US government, and what role freed slaves would play in American society. And beyond the political and social issues was the matter of physical destruction. Much of the Civil War had been waged in the South, and cities, towns, and even farmlands, were in runs. The infrastructure of the South also had to be rebuilt. Conflicts Over Reconstruction The issue of how to bring the rebellious states back into the Union consumed much of the think of President Abraham Lincoln as the Civil War came to an end. In his second inaugural address he spoke of reconciliation. But when he was assassinated in April 1865 much changed. The new president, Andrew Johnson, declared that he would follow Lincolns intended policies toward Reconstruction. But the ruling party in Congress, the Radical Republicans, believed Johnson was being far too lenient and was allowing former rebels too much of a role in the new governments of the South. The Radical Republican plans for Reconstruction were more severe. And continual conflicts between the Congress and the president led to the impeachment trial of President Johnson in 1868.   When Ulysses S. Grant became president following the election of 1868, Reconstruction policies continued in the South. But it was often plagued by racial problems and the Grant administration often found itself trying to protect the civil rights of former slaves. The era of Reconstruction effectively ended with the Compromise of 1877, which decided the highly controversial election of 1876. Aspects of Reconstruction New Republican controlled governments were instituted in the South, but were almost certainly doomed to fail. Popular sentiment in the region was obviously opposed to the political party which had been led by Abraham Lincoln. An important program of Reconstruction was the Freedmens Bureau, which operated in the South to educate former slaves and give them assistance in adjusting to living as free citizens.   Reconstruction was, and remains, a highly controversial subject. Southerners felt that northerners were using the power of the federal government to punish the south. Northerners felt the southerners were still persecuting freed slaves through the imposition of racist laws, called black codes. The end of Reconstruction can be seen as the beginning of the period of Jim Crow.